India Essay -- essays research papers

India Around 2000 B.C. individuals called Aryan began attacking India. This procedure proceeded to roughly 1000 B.C. Aryan clans were driven by lords. The Aryans vanquished the local populace, intermarried with it and settled in worker towns. The Aryans carried their religion to India. The different penances of the Aryan religions were joined by recited psalms. These psalms included the main incredible religion work of the Aryans - the Rig Veda. The Veda and the Brahmins, the ministers, came to hold a most unmistakable spot in Vedic culture. By about the forward century B.C. Hinduism had displaced the more seasoned Vedic confidence what's more, got incomparable. During this period two new religions Buddhism and Jainism created out of Hinduism. The essential organization of the general public was the more distant family. The family comprised of oldest male and his significant other, their children, grandsons and beneficiary spouses and kids and unmarried little girls. Most of Hindu families lived in towns and horticulture was their essential occupation. At the point when Aryans settled in India, their general public was sorted out around four varnas or orders. Brahmans (clerics) were the most elevated varna. The subsequent varna comprised of the Kshatriyas or warriors, rulers and managers. The third varna comprised of the Vaishya or traders. The Shudras had a place with the least varna. During exemplary period, several sub-varnas, jatis, created. Enrollment in a position was dictated by birth and Hindus were not permitted to wed individuals from different positions. T... India Essay - articles research papers India Around 2000 B.C. individuals called Aryan began attacking India. This procedure proceeded to roughly 1000 B.C. Aryan clans were driven by lords. The Aryans vanquished the local populace, intermarried with it and settled in worker towns. The Aryans carried their religion to India. The different penances of the Aryan factions were joined by recited songs. These songs contained the principal incredible religion work of the Aryans - the Rig Veda. The Veda and the Brahmins, the clerics, came to hold a most conspicuous spot in Vedic culture. By about the forward century B.C. Hinduism had superseded the more established Vedic confidence what's more, got preeminent. During this period two new religions Buddhism and Jainism created out of Hinduism. The fundamental foundation of the general public was the more distant family. The family comprised of oldest male and his significant other, their children, grandsons and beneficiary spouses and youngsters and unmarried little girls. Most of Hindu families lived in towns and horticulture was their essential occupation. At the point when Aryans settled in India, their general public was sorted out around four varnas or orders. Brahmans (clerics) were the most noteworthy varna. The subsequent varna comprised of the Kshatriyas or warriors, rulers and chairmen. The third varna comprised of the Vaishya or dealers. The Shudras had a place with the most minimal varna. During great period, several sub-varnas, jatis, created. Participation in a rank was dictated by birth and Hindus were not permitted to wed individuals from different ranks. T...

Free Essays on Fugu Fumble

what's more, quiet: â€Å"‘my mother. Its dim. I can’t see very well.’ No one represented a couple seconds† (470). The child was clearly upset for not perceiving his own mom, however he ... Free Essays on Fugu Fumble Free Essays on Fugu Fumble Kazuo Ishiguro lets us know of an exceedingly ground-breaking story. In â€Å"A Family Supper,† a youngster gets back from California. At the point when he shows up in Japan, his dad, who shows extraordinary cordiality, invites him. The youngster before long discovers that his mom already kicked the bucket by eating a toxic fish called Fugu. His dad at that point reveals to him that his business fallen and his accomplice slaughtered himself. Afterward, Ishiguro specifies that his father’s colleague executed his significant other and his two girls previously through the expressions of Kikuko, the father’s little girl. The dad at that point gets ready supper while Kikuko and her sibling associate outside in the nursery. At the point when the two return inside, the dads asks Kikuko to help get ready supper while he takes his child for a visit around the house. The little family at that point revamps to eat a fish cafe. During supper, the child understands an image o n the divider however doesn't perceive the lady in it. His dad illuminates him that that is his mom. After a snapshot of quietness, they get done with supper and resign into the coffee bar, where the dad and child hang tight for Kikuko to come back with tea. This story mentally looks at the family and their responses to their mother’s passing as opposed to the supper. The story shows that the dad needs his child to live with him and for his little girl to do likewise after she is finished with school. The child, who is the hero, is the senior of the two kids. Ishiguro doesn't disclose to us much about him other than he recently lived in California with a lady by the name of Vicki. He is a static character in light of the fact that, all through the story, there is no hard proof of him including into an alternate individual. However, he is as round as a circle. The child just shows his feelings through a couple of words and quietness: â€Å"‘my mother. Its dull. I can’t see very well.’ No one represented a couple seconds† (470). The child was clearly upset for not perceiving his own mom, however he ...

Office administration SBA Essay Essay Example

Office organization SBA Essay Explanation of TopicTo discover the obligations and obligations of the Administrative Assistant at The Cable Department. AimThe points of this endeavor are:To investigate the obligations and obligations of the managerial aide To discover the significance of the Administrative Assistant to the association. Elements of the Cable DepartmentAt The Cable Department. the maps of an Administrative Assistant areto brand and regular assignments in the interest of an official and to perceive the customer or conceivable concern individual in the most well mannered way. We will compose a custom article test on Office organization SBA Essay explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Office organization SBA Essay explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Office organization SBA Essay explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Abbott Village.West Farm.St Kitts. 17 October. 2012 Ms Judith HewletThe Administrative Assistant.The Cable Department.Church Street.Basseterre. Dear Ms Hewlet.I am a fifth signifier student of the Verchilds High school. While trying to complete my School Based Assessment. I am creating this note looking for authorization to carry on a meeting with you what's more to mention some objective facts of the Administrative Assistant. I would wish to occur out the obligations of the secretary and how their work benefits the worry. I trust that you would permit me consent to hold this meeting. I would be exceptionally appreciative as this would do it simpler for me to complete my Office Administration School Based Assessment Project. Thankss in progress for your participation. Yours unfeignedly. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Tashaun Greene MethodologyThe instrument that the examination specialist used to accumulate the informationwas a meeting. The examination laborer met the Administrative Assistant on the 21st of October. 2013 and recorded reactions during the treatment. This instrument is utilized by inquisitive a Ms. Hewlet in that specific concern topographic point requests whether vis-à-vis or over the telephonewhich is pertinent to the worry to collect data. This instrument was picked over others since more requests can be asked and the exploration specialist may procure a superior anxiety of the data. In add-on. the questioner can answer requests that were non obviously comprehended by the respondent. this way is considerably more useful and quicker in footings of procuring the data. Five of import inquiries1. What hardware do you use to complete your work?2. What are the obligations in the concern?3. What are the paperss utilized in the concern?4. What are the resolution laws that oversee the concern?5. Are at that place any health and wellbeing guidelines? Motivation of Activity DateActivityRemarks13/9/12The rules for the SBA was given to the examination laborer from the educator The teacher clarified everything that ought to or ought to non be done in the SBA14/9/12The research specialist began look into on the initial six endeavors of the endeavor A past understudy rectified the endeavor and set a couple alterations19/9/12I talked with the secretary to look for her authorization about the meeting The secretary was satisfied to answer and said yes23/9/12The SBA was sent back to the exploration specialist in an electronic mailThe teacher revised the undertaking14/12/12The research specialist was on occupation affectionate respect to secure more remote data about the endeavor It was a triumph and all the data required was cod 21/12/12The meeting was conductedIt was successful8/1/13The teacher accumulated with students to ask about the occupation experience The students reacted great. it profited a large portion of them 21/1/13The SBA was sent to the instructorTeacher made a few facilities to the SBA22/2/13The SBA was sent back to the examination laborer to be correctedThe investigate specialist sent back the amendment to the teacher Rules and Regulations Enactment One resolution law that oversees the work topographic point that the exploration laborer must be perceptive of is secrecy. this simply implies whatever data is in the worry topographic point it ought to stay at that spot and shouldn’t be talk about among your equivalents. relations or companions and so forth. The data ought to stay private. In any case. the exploration specialist got conscious of this rule law by the individuals on staff. Wellbeing AND SAFETY One wellbeing and security design while moving out this examination undertaking dependent on the working environment is the imprint which peruses â€Å"wet floor† . This imprint keeps individuals from securing hurt by permitting them realize that risk can be before them. STAFF RULE One staff guideline which the examination specialist needed to follow with while moving out the endeavor is that there ought to be no use of PDAs while working. This is so in light of the fact that it might be an interruption or it might create battle between the customers and the staff part. Report The points of the endeavor are to investigate the obligations and obligations of the secretary and to discover the significance of the Administrative Assistant are to keep acceptable working conditions and to use the fundamental bundle applications. Business Form DateName OF DOCUMENTPURPOSE OF DOCUMENT19/12/12Internet User AgreementThe purpose of this papers is to ensure that the customers consent to gain the internet administration and they will make whatever is required to procure the administration. 21/12/12The Cable FormThe purpose of this signifier is for the customers to make full out to clear up whether they need to reconnect. inlet. rising or minimization their administration. Cancelation FormThe aim of this signifier to cancel the full abroad message administration. OFFICE EQUIPMENT DateEquipmentPurpose OF EQUIPMENTSUITABILITY FOR TASKS27/12/12Photograph Copying MachineThe purpose of this hardware is to duplicate the customer’s ID and whatever other papers that is at that place for apt proof It is fit to clear up whether the individual is who they state they are 28/12/12 Money RegisterThe purpose of this gear is for the customers to pay their measure wherein they owe or to do certain minutess It is fit since this is the head thing that the customers come into the worry to make and it will be benefitting the worry since they will get cash 30/12/12 PrinterThe plan of this gear is to keep up a troublesome transcript of the of import data or data applicable to the worry It is fit to distribute material so there would be a troublesome transcript so they will be conveyed to purchasers. for outline letters Book reference Individual listed:21 December 2012. Basseterre. Work Secretariat Administrative Assistant Distribution ListS Finisterre. L Payne A ; J Reid ( 2004 ) Longman Office Administration for CXC Supplement Five of import requests 1. What is the gear utilized in the concern?2. What are the duties of the concern?3. What are the paperss utilized in the concern?4. What are the paperss utilized for in the concern?5. What are the rule laws that oversee the concern?6. Are at that place sound and wellbeing regulations?7. Is the worry an effective one?8. What are the advantages of the concern?9. Are at that place any staff guidelines?

Why Everyone Is Mistaken About Persuasive Essay Prompts and Samples and Why You Really Need to Read This Article

Why Everyone Is Mistaken About Persuasive Essay Prompts and Samples and Why You Really Need to Read This Article It is possible to easily depend on us to find essay help as we have a tendency to assist and guide the students with the aid of our professional experts. Students ought to be in a position to describe their environment properly, which is precisely why researching topics for a descriptive essay will bring them on the perfect track to rate their learning practice. Seeking to prepare and get ready for the workplace. Read and carefully think about these perspectives. The Good, the Bad and Persuasive Essay Prompts and Samples Enlist the assistance of others to make certain that your essay is immaculate. It's important to understand that essay topics are just basic ideas that leave you pondering a notion that might be a huge deal to somebody else. Sarcasm is employed in various scenarios, for instance, some can use it in order to demonstrate their anger or dissatisfacti on about something. Characteristics of Persuasive Essay Prompts and Samples While there's no one correct approach to compose these essays, this page will show you some fantastic practices to think about when learning how to compose a persuasive essay. Ideally, you need to make notes as you find out more about the subject. What you as a writer has to do is select the suggestions and information from every source that best allow you to accomplish your goal. Our writers always create unique content that's absolutely free from all grammatical error. The Do's and Don'ts of Persuasive Essay Prompts and Samples You may find there's a compelling argument for learning another language after all! No matter the topic you chose to approach, it is better that you share your work with the class or teacher, however scary it can be. A personality you'd like to resemble. In reality, you can describe a subject of any size and nature, but it's almost not possible to prepare an excellent descri ptive essay should you not really like it. Get the Scoop on Persuasive Essay Prompts and Samples Before You're Too Late Write an essay to convince your principal your idea is one which should be adopted. In fact, there are many descriptive essay topics out there that it's rather hard to choose only one. There are several intriguing topics that could be become a persuasive essay if you take the opportunity to think about doing it. Write an essay to back up your view about it. You should utilize APA reference tools to aid in writing your essay the right way or seek the services of an expert essay writer that may write the essay employing the APA reference tools. Like every assignment, a descriptive essay has a certain purpose. It is an essay that is bound to provide some sort of detailed information on a certain subject. Stay away from outdated sources and internet Encyclopedia like Wikipedia. Apparently, you don't wish to compose a lot of words without meaning, so ensure you write about only one subject at a moment. You are going to have maximum number of words, or so the secret isn't to attempt to cover everything in your essay. Like anything it requires a little time and practice to craft the ideal introduction, but it's well worth it! An act that's complete prompts. What You Should Do to Find Out About Persuasive Essay Prompts and Samples Before You're Left Behind Plus, it's also rather easy to deliver in the front of the class. If you've ever taken an on-line class, you understand how different it can be from a classic face-to-face course. Before students begin to write, it is a great idea for them to earn a list of the points they would like to make to their readers. Keep reading to get the perfect fit for your paper. Understanding Persuasive Essay Prompts and Samples An argumentative paper is part of the persuasion. Occasionally it can be simpler to think of a clever line and robust thesis after you've written the primary arguments of your paper. If you would like to find high excellent research and thesis papers in time and for an affordable price, you should probably attempt using EssaySupply.com. You learn to compose papers. In exactly the same purchase form, you will supply your name, email, and contact form. Even then you're unable to discover the informative and accurate details. Our website is just one of the most appropriate for essay help. The actual folks highly praise our essay help site. New Que stions About Persuasive Essay Prompts and Samples Therefore, you will know all that is necessary. There are times that you try to do your best and even then you're not able to score well in your home tasks. Thus, for your coursework, you are going to want to have the very best ideas.

Language Is A Building Block For Success - 2137 Words

Assignment 1 – Reading Acquisition Language is a building block for success. It is a simple fact that the more you read, the more you expose your mind to discovery, creativity and imagination. Nelson-Royes, 2012 states that reading is well and truly at the heart of all learning and is a central tool, which connects all other learning areas of the curriculum. Becoming literate is undeniably a critical achievement in today’s society and not only focuses on a child’s ability to read and write but rather their capacity to apply certain skills and knowledge to effectively comprehend and communicate intricacies within the world. The process of reading is multifaceted, which only develops through explicit instruction and practice. Learners must develop a solid foundation of literacy knowledge, which will allow for automaticity and fluency in reading and writing. The basic framework of literacy acquisition can be divided into three main aspects: learning the code, making meaning and thinking critically. These aspects are essential to acquire if students are to become successful literacy learners. The Ministry of Education, 2006, states that at the basic level, learning the code effectively means, developing the skills to encode and decode written forms of language. They furthermore explain that as children become more advanced, they begin to develop and increase their vocabulary, building up to identifying and engaging in more complex structures and features of text. MakingShow MoreRelatedJob Application Essay971 Words   |  4 Pagesimportant follow-up. The building blocks of a good after-interview email Now, before we get started with the examples, let’s first consider the building blocks of a good follow-up email. There are certain rules you want to follow to ensure your email is professional and effective. The point of a follow-up email is not there just to say â€Å"Hello!† – you want to use it to your advantage and showcase one last time why you are such a good pick for the role. What are the building blocks you must keep in mindRead MoreThe Building Blocks Of Society Essay1708 Words   |  7 Pagessociological perspective is â€Å"What are we looking at in society. What are the building blocks?† Values are described as a shared or collective goal that you don’t usually see unless you ask. Values are used as motivators, purpose and rewards and sometimes the reason we get out of bed in the morning. The building blocks of society are the challenges, values, norms, groups and roles. When there is an awareness of these building blocks a societal group is formed. Our status rank is the position we findRead MoreLanguage and Literacy757 Words   |  4 PagesLanguage and Literacy what are they? How do they relate? How do we learn them? These are just a few questions one might ask them self when they contemplate the effect language and literacy have on learning. â€Å"Forms of language and literacy develop supportively and interactively. Children build on oral language knowledge and practices as they learn to read and write’ they develop key understandings about reading through writing, and they extend their writing range through reading† (Braunger Read MoreFree Trade And Lower Cost1166 Words   |  5 Pagesknow trading blocks are breaking down into several different union, and different countries gather up in order to make trade intensely with each other. But that is just a brief definition, because the intense trades could as reflect no more than variable in comparative advantage. According to, â€Å" What mainly matters is that each of these agreements allows trade between the participating countries to take place more easily and at lower cost.†(Economic theory and policy for trading blocks, 1994). FreeRead MoreChild And Teacher Guided Activities Essay1221 Words   |  5 Pagesactivities that offer each child many opportunities for challenge and success. Support the growth of a child s self-image, self -esteem self- concept. A child s surrounding must offer a safe and stimulating design so that the child could have the freedom to make decisions, Improve and strengthening decision-making abilities. Children should have access to Both child and teacher guided activities. Domains such as art, drama, language development, math readiness, music, Science, and social skills. OpportunitiesRead MoreBank Street School For Children1160 Words   |  5 Pagesto the class room environment. Implement a developmentally sound and safe early childhood classroom curriculum. Help all children experience success in school with a particular attention to children with a wide developmental range including children with disability. 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The diversity at the elementary school level has about 40% white, black, 27%, Asian 20%, Hispanic, 13%, creating a diverse background (Data and Statistics for HansvaleRead MoreUnderstanding Early Childhood Educational Programs926 Words   |  4 Pageschildren’s lives and children that participate in an early educational program set the foundation to achieve more success for post-secondary education; therefore by enforcing an early learning foundation will better enrich children’s lives. Understanding: Montessori Methodology In the Montessori methodology, all curriculum areas arranged into five areas: practical life, sensorial, language, math, and cultural. Each activity is carefully sequenced that is has a methodical, engaging logic - the purposeRead MoreStrategies : How Constructional Apparatus, And Equipment956 Words   |  4 PagesConstructional Apparatus and Equipment: Small construction materials that link together, blocks of different sizes, logs, wooden balance beams, cardboard boxes, slides and climbing frames How these support play based learning: Children develop hand-eye co-ordination, gross and fine motor skills, spatial awareness, and mathematical concept of shape, space and measure Creative Resources and Materials: Paints, mark making materials, junk modelling material, crayons, pens, chalks, card, paper, glue

Analysis Of The Poem The Burial Of The Dead - 2047 Words

The third and the fourth sections of The Waste Land share the images of ‘fire’ to rebuild the images of ‘death and birth’ and connect them to the first section â€Å"The Burial of the Dead†. â€Å"The Fire Sermon† assumes the life after death, through Buddhism, and the medieval Christianity: Burning burning, Burning Burning O Lord Thou Pluckest O Lord Thou Pluckest Burning (TWL, 307-311) The fire image here represents the desires of the human beings yet is the natural factor that may damage the life and turns it to waste. In Buddhism as T.S. Eliot has the experience of study and was affected by fire also as a destructive power to the physicality of the dead. However, Buddha considered it as the power†¦show more content†¦In matching with the era of insecurity, and uncertainty T.S. Eliot wrote The Waste Land with a lack of decisiveness, order, and confusion. The lines rebound back and forth and rarely connect. The inability to focus with huge shock on the speaker in the first section, T.S. Eliot wrote, â€Å"Speak, and my eyes failed, I was neither / Living nor dead, and I knew nothing† (The Waste land, 39-40). Such a cryptic style reflects what the 20th century felt like; the despair, the paucity of closure, and the confusion. Throughout T.S. Eliot’s multiple episodic voices that display a scene that makes the reader completely baffled. This alienation sounds to be a common feeling of most of the individuals of that time in their journey of the unknown. Typically of T.S. Eliot’s fragmented and personal innovations, the poem has the devices of the Dramatic Monologue, blended Meters, sordid images and real life metaphor and Refrains. The speaker of the poem in the unconsciousness reflecting on the past memories and present experiences in an individualistic, and philosophical approach, that is the style of The Waste Land, of the dramatic monologue. The difference between The Waste Land and T.S. Eliot s earlier poem, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock is that the narrator of the poem repeatedly changes the personages, countries, and the use of mythologies. Thus T.S. Eliot s poem is a panorama of the fragmented and anarchic world. It s difficultShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Beach Burial1259 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Analysis of ‘Beach Burial’ Kenneth Slessor’s poignant poem, ‘Beach Burial’ contemplates on the improper and unfair burial that the Australian soldiers, who were at war with the Germans during World War 2, receive as a result of the fact that they could not get back home. The main idea that the poet was trying to get across was that as a result of the soldiers not being able to get a proper burial, they are not able to be recognized and are considered to be just another casualty of war:Read MoreAnalysis of Home Burial by Robert Frost822 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of Home Burial by Robert Frost Robert Frost’s poem â€Å"Home Burial† relates a drama between an estranged man and his wife. He presents a dramatic poem in the form of a dialogue about a couple that argues, differs with their opinions, and separates at the end. The center of the argument is around the death of their child. The poem is rich in human feelings; it highlights the expression of grief, frustration and anger that the couple shares while trying to deal with the death of their childRead MoreEssay about Analysis of Home Burial by Robert Frost970 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of Home Burial by Robert Frost Robert Frost wrote the poem Home Burial after he and his wife suffered the tragic loss of their 4-year-old son. Home Burial shows the emotions people feel after such a loss, and how they face those emotions. Through Frosts experience he shows that men and women grieve in different ways. In Home Burial Frost demonstrates, through the husband, that in the grieving process men tend to show strength. Throughout the poem you see the husband proceedRead More Jane Kenyon’s The Blue Bowl Essay1322 Words   |  6 Pages Kenyon’s criticism of burial and the mourning process and the manner in which it fails to provide a sense of closure for those who have lost a loved one is the main underlying theme in The Blue Bowl. Through her vivid description of both the natural setting and the grief-stricken emotional overtone surrounding the burial of a family’s house pet and the events that follow in the time after the cat is put to rest, Kenyon is able to invoke an emotional response from the reader that mirrors that ofRead More Analysis of Robert Frosts Poem, Departmental Essay742 Words   |  3 Pages Analysis of Robert Frosts Poem, Departmental â€Å"Departmental† by Robert Frost is a poem written in rhymed couplets with three beats per line (trimeter). Throughout the poem, Frost uses poetic devices such as personification, allusion, rhyme, and alliteration. The poem as a whole serves as a metaphor for the way humans deal with issues like death.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The poem begins with a description of a scene familiar to many, â€Å"an ant on a tablecloth†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Then the ant bumps into a day drowsy moth that is muchRead MoreAnalysis of The Waste Land by T. S. Eliot1571 Words   |  7 PagesEliot’s â€Å"heap of broken images† eagerly embraces its fragmented and alienated (post)modern counterpart. The message this phrase bears, resonates throughout the entire poem: from its title, â€Å"The Waste Land†, to its final mantra â€Å"Shantih shantih shantih†. All words, phrases and sentences (or just simply images) which make up this poem seem to, in Levi-Strauss’ words, â€Å"be a valeur symbolique zero [and the signifier] can take on any value required †, meaning that the images Eliot uses do not have oneRead MorePersonification Of Death859 Words   |  4 Pageslife that is guaranteed no matter what the circumstance. In the poem, â€Å"Because I could not stop for Deathà ¢â‚¬  by Emily Dickinson, she uses personification, symbols and metaphors to portray death as a person. In the poem, â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death†, Emily Dickinson personifies Death. In the first line, â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death†, the author characterizes Death as a proper noun giving death a character form in this poem. Reading lines one and two, â€Å"Because I could not stop for DeathRead MoreThe Death Of The Hired Man By Robert Frost1500 Words   |  6 Pagescommon man. Frost states that his poems, â€Å"will forever keep its freshness as a metal keeps its fragrance. It can never lose its sense of meaning that once unfolded by surprise as it went,† (Richardson 224). This expresses that the freshness and simplicity Frost depicts in his poems mesmerizes his audience. This leads to perceptive critics distinguishing the subtleness of thought, feeling and everyday situations that so often saturate these simple, yet unique, poems. Starting off, â€Å"The Death of theRead MoreAnalysis of The Wasteland by T.S. Eliot Essay1620 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis of The Wasteland by T.S. Eliot Q5 Much of what Eliot writes about is harsh and bleak, but he writes about it in a way that is often beautiful. Comment fully on both parts of this assertion. Most first time readers of Eliots work would, probably, agree that his poems read as bleak and depressing. They would also say that many of his poems portray society as having a terminal illness, but when we look deeper you can see that amid the anguish not all is lost and there is hopeRead MoreAnalysis Of Dorothy Parker s One Perfect Rose1311 Words   |  6 Pages One Perfect Rose, is a short poem from Dorothy Parker’s first book of poetry Enough Rope (1926). Parker cohesively explores two major themes throughout the poem; frustration and disappointment. The two themes are conveyed in the narrative by the narrator who ultimately outlines a dissatisfaction with the cliched conventions of romance and courtship. The projection of these themes are outlined through three dominant modes of discourse which I will be engaging with throughout the literary commentary;

Americas Teens Up In Smoke Essay Example For Students

Americas Teens Up In Smoke Essay Americas Teens Up in SmokeOn every street corner in America, you will find a teen smoking. Even though a number of commercials and school orientations have given the effects of smoking, the kids feel they are invincible to the effects smoking can cause. Tobacco companies have targeted the youth, ages eleven to seventeen, because they are the future of their industry and very influential (Britannica online). Yes it is true; the future of America has been the focus of their progression. However, how can we have a healthy outlook on the future if 34.8 percent of our youth are inhaling five hundred chemicals into their bodies (Britannica online)? Society needs to focus on telling teenagers the numerous effects of smoking, so they can live a healthier life. The effects of smoking have long been proven to destroy out bodies. The number one disease caused by smoking is cancer. Ola James husband died of lung cancer this past summer. She says Every time I see someone light a cigarette, I think of how sick Richard was and it breaks my heart. She has watched the one person who meant more to her than anyone else in the world, die from a disease that TV has advertised for years. Although a smoker for many years, Richard James might be alive today if he had quit smoking when he was young. Smoking can also cause emphysema, which is a condition of the lungs marked by distension and frequently by impairment of heart action. Smoking has also been known to cause yellow stains on teeth, inflamed gums, periodontal disease, and other diseases of the mouth (Britannica online). With that in mind, who wants to have a cigarette hanging out of their mouth? Well the answer to that question can be answered in two words . . . todays youth. While no one really u nderstands why teenagers take their first puff, whether its peer pressure or another reason, the fact is that they do. Obviously they dont have a high regard for their health. After repeatedly being told that smoking is bad, teenagers just do not seem to care. Another problem with smoking is the effects it has on others around you. Studies have shown that second hand smoke is more dangerous than first hand smoke (askjeeves.com). It causes those around them to be more susecptable to getting respritory problems and cancer. Now the 34.8 percent of the youth are not only bringing themselves down, but they are bringing down the rest of the population with them. If teenagers continue to smoke while they are pregnant, it will result in low birth weights and/or severe birth defects. This is not making Americas future look to bright. Although teenagers have been warned of the effects of smoking, they will continue to light up whenever and wherever they please. We as citizens must fight to make teenage smoking harder to start. We must make new laws, ensure that America follows these laws, and punish those who break them. I dont know who had it worse, teenagers fifty years ago who didnt know the effects of smoking, or teenagers today who do know the effects and just dont care. Smoking is doing nothing but harming the youth through diseases, and hurting those around them. If they knew more about the effects, then maybe they would not be so quick to start. Social Issues Essays

Action of Barbituates Essays

Action of Barbituates Essays Action of Barbituates Essay Action of Barbituates Essay Homework Assignment Chapter 4 Addiction Studies (BHHS) Sherman Howard 1. Describe, the action of Barbiturates. They reduce sensory sensitivity to pleasure or pain. Replace’s the need for sex, food and emotional involvement. 2. Describe the action of benzodiazepines and their withdrawal symptoms. Benzodiazepines are minor tranquilizers; they cause dopamine levels to surge producing a pleasurable sensation. Withdrawal involves seizures, convulsions, and even death. 3. What is the biggest danger with drug synergism when using two depressant drugs? Overdose! 4. What is a paradoxical reaction to tranquilizers? Becoming more active instead of calmer. 5. Why is withdrawal so life threatening for alcohol and the barbiturates? Both can lead to Seizures and death. 6. Who is the hidden addict? An unborn Fetus can be, if the mother is an addict. ______________________________________________________________________________ Part Two: 1. What is the approximate percentage of alcohol in beer? Wine? Whiskey? Beer5% Wine15% Whiskey45% 2. What does BAC stand for? Blood Alcohol Concentration. 3. Describe the processing of alcohol from digestion to absorption. 0% is absorbed by the stomach the remaining 80% is absorbed in the small intestines. 4. What is alcohol effect on digestion and liver? Alcohol can stop digestion and increase hydrochloric acid production. Alcohol also causes a drop in blood sugar which can lead to a hypoglycemic state. 5. Name some factors that often predict alcoholism? Poor learning ability, poor judgment, short-term memory is aff ected. 6. After frequent high dose use†¦ which is more dangerous: immediate alcohol withdrawal or immediate heroin withdrawal? Alcohol is more immediate. Sherman Howard

Profile of Robert Koch, Founder of Modern Bacteriology

Profile of Robert Koch, Founder of Modern Bacteriology The German physician  Robert Koch (December 11, 1843 - May 27, 1910) is considered the father of modern bacteriology for his work  demonstrating that specific microbes are responsible for causing specific diseases. Koch discovered the life cycle of the bacteria responsible for anthrax and identified the bacteria that cause tuberculosis and cholera. Fast Facts: Robert Koch Nickname: Father of Modern BacteriologyOccupation: PhysicianBorn: December 11, 1843 in Clausthal, GermanyDied: May 27, 1910 in Baden-Baden, GermanyParents: Hermann Koch and Mathilde Julie Henriette BiewandEducation: University of Gà ¶ttingen (M.D.)Published Works: Investigations into the Etiology of Traumatic Infective Diseases (1877)Key Accomplishments: Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine (1905)Spouse(s): Emmy Fraatz (m. 1867–1893), Hedwig Freiberg (m. 1893–1910)Child: Gertrude Koch Early Years Robert Heinrich Hermann Koch was born December 11, 1843 in the German town of Clausthal. His parents, Hermann Koch and Mathilde Julie Henriette Biewand, had thirteen children. Robert was the third child and the oldest surviving son. Even as a child, Koch demonstrated a love of nature and showed a high degree of intelligence. He reportedly taught himself to read at the age of five. Koch became interested in biology in high school and entered the University of Gà ¶ttingen in 1862, where he studied medicine. While in medical school, Koch was highly influenced by his anatomy instructor Jacob Henle, who had  published a work in 1840 proposing that microorganisms are responsible for causing infectious disease. Career and Research Upon earning his medical degree  with high honors from the University of Gà ¶ttingen in 1866, Koch practiced privately for a while in the town of Langenhagen and later in Rakwitz. In 1870, Koch voluntarily enlisted in the German military during the Franco-Prussian War. He served as a doctor in a battlefield hospital treating wounded soldiers. Two years later, Koch became the District Medical Officer for the city of Wollstein. He would hold this position from 1872 to 1880. Koch was later appointed to the Imperial Health Office in Berlin, a position he held from 1880 to 1885. During his time in Wollstein and Berlin, Koch began his laboratory investigations of bacterial pathogens that would bring him national and world-wide recognition. Anthrax Life Cycle Discovery Robert Kochs anthrax research was the first to demonstrate that a specific infectious disease was caused by a specific microbe. Koch gained insight from prominent scientific researchers of his time, such as Jacob Henle, Louis Pasteur, and Casimir Joseph Davaine. Work by Davaine indicated that animals with anthrax contained microbes in their blood. When healthy animals were inoculated with the blood of infected animals, the healthy animals became diseased. Davaine postulated that anthrax must be caused by the blood microbes. Robert Koch took this investigation further by obtaining pure anthrax cultures and identifying bacterial spores  (also called  endospores). These resistant cells can survive for years under harsh conditions such as high temperatures, dryness, and the presence of toxic enzymes or chemicals. The spores remain dormant until conditions become favorable for them to develop into vegetative (actively growing) cells capable of causing disease. As a result of Kochs research, the life cycle of the anthrax bacterium (Bacillus anthracis) was identified. Laboratory Research Techniques Robert Kochs research led  to the development and refinement of a number of laboratory techniques that are still in use today. In order for Koch to obtain pure bacterial cultures for study, he had to find a suitable medium on which to grow the microbes. He perfected a method for turning a liquid medium (culture broth) into a solid medium by mixing it with agar. The agar gel medium was ideal for growing pure cultures as it was transparent, remained solid at body temperature (37 °C / 98.6 °F), and bacteria did not use it as a food source. An assistant of Koch, Julius Petri, developed a special plate called a Petri dish for holding the solid growth medium. Additionally, Koch refined techniques for preparing bacteria for microscope viewing. He developed glass slides and cover slips as well as methods for heat fixing and staining bacteria with dyes in order to improve visibility. He also developed techniques for the use of steam sterilization and methods for photographing (micro-photography) bacteria and other microbes. Koch's Postulates Koch published Investigations into the Etiology of Traumatic Infective Diseases  in 1877. In it, he outlined procedures for obtaining pure cultures and bacteria isolation methods. Koch also developed guidelines or postulates for determining that a particular disease is due to a specific microbe. These postulates were developed during Kochs study of anthrax and outlined four basic principles that apply when establishing the causative agent of an infectious disease: The suspected microbe must be found in all instances of the disease, but not in healthy animals.The suspected microbe must be isolated from a diseased animal and grown in pure culture.When a healthy animal is inoculated with the suspected microbe, the disease must develop.The microbe must be isolated from the inoculated animal, grown in pure culture, and be identical to the microbe obtained from the original diseased animal. Tuberculosis and Cholera Bacteria Identification By 1881, Koch had set his sights on identifying the microbe responsible for causing the deadly disease tuberculosis. While other researchers had been able to demonstrate that tuberculosis was caused by a microorganism, no one had been able to stain or identify the microbe. Using modified staining techniques, Koch was able to isolate and identify the responsible bacteria:  Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Koch announced his discovery in March of 1882 at the Berlin Psychological Society. News of the discovery spread, quickly reaching the United States by April of 1882. This discovery brought Koch world-wide notoriety and acclaim. Next, as the head of the German Cholera Commission in 1883, Koch began investigating  cholera  outbreaks in Egypt and India. By 1884, he had isolated and identified the causative agent of cholera as  Vibrio cholerae. Koch also developed methods for controlling cholera epidemics that serve as the basis for modern day standards of control. In 1890, Koch claimed to have discovered a cure for tuberculosis, a substance he called tuberculin. Although tuberculin turned out  not to be a cure, Kochs work with tuberculosis earned him the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1905. Death and Legacy Robert Koch continued his investigative research into infectious diseases until his health began to fail in his early sixties. A few years prior to his death, Koch suffered a heart attack brought on by heart disease. On May 27, 1910, Robert Koch died in Baden-Baden, Germany at the age of 66. Robert Kochs contributions to microbiology and bacteriology have had a major impact on modern scientific research practices and the study of infectious diseases. His work helped to establish the germ theory of disease as well as to refute spontaneous generation. Kochs laboratory techniques and sanitation methods serve as the foundation for modern day methods for microbe identification and disease control. Sources Adler, Richard. Robert Koch and American Bacteriology. McFarland, 2016. Chung, King-thom, and Jong-kang Liu. Pioneers In Microbiology: The Human Side Of Science. World Scientific, 2017. Robert Koch - Biographical. Nobelprize.org, Nobel Media AB, 2014, www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1905/koch-bio.html. Robert Koch Scientific Works. Robert Koch Institute, www.rki.de/EN/Content/Institute/History/rk_node_en.html. Sakula, Alex. Robert Koch: Centenary of the Discovery of the Tubercle Bacillus, 1882. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine, Apr. 1983, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1790283/.

The Need for a Workplace Violence Prevention Plan Dissertation

The Need for a Workplace Violence Prevention Plan - Dissertation Example 11). While it might be difficult, and sobering, to convince a reluctant boss that consideration must be given to keep all of their employees safe form violence while on the job, it is certainly worth the effort. To begin, it is helpful to point out some real world examples that bring the problem a little bit closer to home. Consider a bank, where tellers are on the frontline of ealing with the public on a daily basis, with thousands (in some cases much more) of dollars in their grasp. Without a violence prevention program in tact, an unsuspecting teller, and the public at large, can quickly become the victim of a violent act of grave proportions. There are many types of businesses that have a propensity towards violence occurring in the workplace. Consider any business that has its primary function being various interactions with the public. By the sheer nature of having unsecured people entering the office or place of business on a daily basis, all employees and an unsuspecting publ ic are put at risk. To not have some type of prevention effort in place to ward off possible attacks, management and owners are simply doing a disservice to the very employees that have devoted their working lives to the company. This is not to mention the customers who have a basic assumption that they are safe during the time that they are in a place of business. The management and owners owe it to the very customers that make them money to keep them relatively safe from harm in every way possible. Owners need to be aware of the risks, and cannot simply adopt a ‘this will not happen us’ mentality. A firm example of this can be seen in a company that utilises armoured trucks to transport money and various precious metals around major cities all across the United States. Such employees literally put their lives on the line to protect that which they are transporting, yet they all too often become victims of violent crimes. Without an adequate plan of workplace violence prevention, the drivers and guards would be left at a loss for which protocols to follow when they are under threat (Bruce & Nowlin, 2011, p. 294). Yet, almost all such companies do have a violence prevention plan in place. Naturally, such a plan does not work in every case, unfortunately, but they have thwarted many a violent attack in the past, and will continue to do so in the future. The owner who simply says that their business is not subject to violent attacks, such as the one described in this example, is missing the point. Any business that has any number of employees is, at some point, vulnerable to an attack. Consider any transportation company. Their drivers would be under the risk of attack from criminals who would seek to rob them of their merchandise. Any employee, working alone or with a partner, that is off site for any part of the work day is in a dangerous position and should have some kind of protection to ward off a possible violent attack that might occur. It is not only businesses that work with the public that are subject to violent attacks either. Consider the recent attacks at post offices, tax agencies, and general office

Security Risk Management Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Security Risk Management Plan - Essay Example It is a continuous ongoing process throughout the project life, and it includes process of planning, identification, analysis and finally monitoring and control. With new risk identified with time these processes are updated. With the Rural Internet Kiosk, quite a number of risks are assessed to happens along the setting up of the whole organization and is mainly divided into four; the general management, personnel policies, insurance and general protection against fraud, terrorism and many other potential threats. The potential risk focused at the main four areas need senior management consideration because they will end up affecting the final project production, because for a organization to be secure and firm it need good management, with good management comes good personnel policy for the employees, both employee and whole organization insurance and finally the general protection from harm e.g. theft, fraud, robbery. This plan clearly shows how these stated risks are considered a nd the finally actions taken to monitor them for the successful running of the Rural internet kiosk to benefit the whole community. This process of identifying and documenting these events that pose this major threats to the outcome of the rural internet kiosk is just the first step. It’s of a vital importance to monitor all risks on a scheduled basis by a risk management team and finally give a report on the project status. RISK MANAGEMENT STRATEGY The risk management strategy is divided into 3 parts, these are risk identification, risk responsibility and risk response. Risk identification is where the risk is selected, the responsibility is where this particular risk is distributed to different stakeholder and response are the steps taken to monitor the risk . BASIC PROJECT MANAGEMENT RISKS AND TRAINING RISKS GOOD MANAGEMENT Rural internet kiosk should have a strategic plan and effective leadership that will make sure that the organizational resources are closely aligned to accomplish the organizational mission, all its staff and other volunteers are fairly treated to comply with rules and regulations. Joe the Chief executive officer will be in charge monitoring all the risk related to management. With all the risk considered, the role of the Board and its executives are defined and respected, us the executive director appointed as the manager of the organization’s operation the board will be focused on policy and planning. The board of directors will be recruited, selected and employ the executive director providing clear expectations and qualifications of the position including reasonable compensation . UP-TO-DATE, REVIEWED PERSONNEL POLICIES: It’s good practice for every organization to have up-to date policies that guide the various relationships between staff and management. Ann who is in charge of Human resource department will monitor risk that affect human personnel. From heuristics, it’s clearly noticed that lawsuits rega rding harassment, wrongful termination and discrimination, salary actions and disagreements about promotions are on the increase. For this Rural Internet Kiosk, parties to this lawsuit will include the management and the organization members. It’s also good practice that these personnel policies should be reviewed at least once a year by experts about all of the

P&G Japan Essay Example for Free

PG Japan Essay Slow, conformist and risk averse – stretch, innovation and speed Leadership Innovation Team implemented a global rollout of Dryel and Swiffer Impact – 18 months after entering the first test market they were on sales in US, Europe, Latin America and Asia Processes Performance-based component of compensation increased from traditional range of 20% to 80%. Extended the reach of stock options to virtually all employees Integrated business planning process where all budget elements of the operating plan could be reviewed and approved together Structure Primary profit responsibility shifted from PGs four regional organisation to seven GBUs that would now manage product development, manufacturing and marketing of their respective categories worldwide Charged with standardising manufacturing processes, simplifying brand portfolios and coordinating marketing activities Eliminate bureaucracy and increase accountability Committee responsibilities were transferred to individuals Activities such as accounting, human resources, payroll and much of IT were coordinated through a global business service unit Progression form Ethnocentric/Polycentric- Regiocentric – Geocentric SK-II – within PG this high-end product had little visibility outside Japan Because Japanese women had by far the highest use of beauty care products in the world, it was natural that the global beauty care category management started to regard Max Factor Japan as a potential source of innovation Working with RD labs in Cincinatti and the UK, several Japanese technologists participated on a global team that developed a new product involving a durable color base and renewable moisturising second coat – Lipfinity Japanese innovations were than transferred worldwide, as Lipfinity rolled out in Europe and the US within six months of the Japanese launch Implementation of O2005 in July 1999 – half the top 30 managers and a third of the top 3000 were new to their jobs – capabilities do not reside in management Global product development process Technology team assembled at an RD facility in Cincinnati, drawing the most qualified technologists from its PG labs worldwide US-based marketing team and Japanese team had the same task – Japanese team came up with SK-II In the end, each market ended up with a distinct product built on a common technology platform. Marketing expertise was also shared, allowing the organisation to exploit local learning Decisions Japanese Opportunity Tapping into PGs extensive technological resources – extend the SK-II line beyond its traditional product offerings Although would take a considerable amount of time and effort, it would exploit internal capabilities and external brand image Product innovation and superior in-store service – competitive advantage in Japan China Operating since 1988 only Entrepreneurial beauty care manager in China Some were worried that SK-II would be a distraction to PGs strategy of becoming a mainstream Chinese company and to its competitive goal of entering 600 Chinese cities ahead of competitors Targeting an elite consumer group with a niche product was not in keeping with the objective of reaching the 1. 2 billion population with laundry, hair care, oral care, diapers and other basics Europe De Cesare – new the European market well Without any real brand awareness or heritage, would SK-II’s mystique transfer to a Western market Organisational constraint De Cesare recognised that his decision needed to comply with the organisational reality in which it would be implemented Jager – openly questioned how well some of the products in the beauty care business fit in the PG portfolio – the fashion-linked and promotion-driven sales models neither played well to PG’s â€Å"stack it high, sell it cheap† marketing skills nor exploited its superior technologies From a local to a global focus

A Feminist Reading of Cheever’s The Five-Forty-Eight Essay -- Cheever

A Feminist Reading of The Five-Forty-Eight The short story "The Five-Forty-Eight" by John Cheever concerns the issue of a woman scorned by the inhumane treatment she has received by men, most notably that of Blake, whose oppression serves as the turning point in her life. This generalization is often the focus of a feminist criticism. Feminists believe that women should have equal rights as men, and they seek to "correct or supplement what they regard as a predominantly male-dominated critical perspective with a feminist consciousness" (Meyer 2014). In this short story, using a feminist consciousness to read the text helps to understand the reasoning behind Miss Dent's need to defeat the idea that males dominate over women. Miss Dent, who has been trodden on for so long, finally takes action against Blake who represents all of the men in her life who have mistreated her. Miss Dent is an insecure woman who has been abused and mistreated her whole life, especially by Blake. The literary critic Patrick Meanor says that "the icy and detached Mr. Blake has absolutely no natural feelings for others, especially for pathetic, wounded souls such as Miss Dent, a name that symbolizes her damaged emotional condition" (92) Critics characterize Blake as the lowest of men because of the inhumane way he treats women. The worst example of Blake's maltreatment of Miss Dent is the scene in which the two sleep together in Miss Dent's apartment. Miss Dent leaves to put something more comfortable on while Blake urges her on because "that was, after all, what he had come for" (81). Blake purposely accompanies Miss Dent into her home just to have sex with her. Under the impression that Blake has a genuine interest in her, Miss Dent allows Blak... ...like before when Miss Dent had no self-esteem or confidence, now she has some control over her life and is a stronger person for it. In "The Five-Forty-Eight," Miss Dent has prevailed in her attempt to set right the wrongs done to her and other women by men like Blake. Through a feminist's view, women in history have been considered inferior to men. Blake assumes that because he is a man, he has the right to abuse women and take advantage of them. Miss Dent does not let herself become another victim, rather she successfully takes control of her life. Works Cited Cheever, John. "The Five-Forty-Eight" An Introduction to Fiction (7th edition), eds. X. J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia, Longman, 1999 Meanor, Patrick. John Cheever Revisited. New York: Twayne, 1995. Meyer, Liz. Feminist Consciousness and Feminist Research. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1983.

Western Civilization Reflection Paper # 5

How did the rulers of early medieval Europe like Charlemagne, Otto of Saxony, Alfred the Great, and William the Conqueror set certain precedents for their emerging nations? Well for starters, Charlemagne did bring a whole lot to the table. The only significant thing I got out of him was the fact that he split his empire into â€Å"countries†, with a total of 300 counts watching those territories. Otto brought his German self, and conquered all of the â€Å"Holy Roman Empire†. He starts the election process.Otto gets recognized by the Byzantines and Constantine, and then finally the pope recognizes him as well. That in and of its self shows that Otto was a legit ruler! Alfred has to survive in bog-like territory for a while. He was bookish, literate, big reader, fairly religious, and an effective warrior using guerilla warfare tactics. He finally takes back his kingdom and is recognized as the first official King of England. It shows that he was able to tough it out, and was a strong ruler when he took back his kingdom.Edward was eccentric, and obsessed with death. He also did not sire any sons or daughters. He builds the first cathedral, which is located in Westminster. Got to love dudes that are eccentric! He actually reminds me of Dumbledore from Harry Potter. ? William was tall, over 6 feet. William got stuff done, and didn’t take no nonsense from no one. That is where he got his boring yet ruthless reputation. William ends up battling for England, and wins which is no surprise. William ends up creating a good system of which the government ran.

The Crucible By Arthur Miller - 901 Words

Circumstances brought upon a person can change them greatly. The Crucible is in part based on McCarthyism in the 1950’s which was similar to the Salem Witch trials. Reverend Hale undergoes an immense change as he starts finding out the lies going on in Salem. Slowly, he adjusts from being confident to doubtful. Hale having such a great change in opinion demonstrates the true dysfunction and chaos of Salem. In â€Å"The Crucible† by Arthur Miller, the changes Hale experiences are proven by the things he says, the things he does, and others opinion of him. In the beginning Hale is misguided about the situation going on. He does not yet realize the lies that are occurring within the community. Parris makes a remark regarding the weight of Reverend Hale’s books. Reverend Hale envies this declaring they are â€Å"weighted with authority.†(I.36) Hale acts experienced in this situation. He takes advantage of this knowing they will see him as an outsider, projecting him as an expert. Parris wants to know why the devil wants him when there are plenty of immoral people in Salem. Hale states that if the Devil wants a preeminent type of person then who is â€Å"better than the minister. â€Å" (I.41) Hale acts confident here by calling out the devil preparing to confront him. This is an attempt to impress Paris and make him feel better about his earlier comments. Reverend Hale manages to convince Tituba to confess by twisting her words around and â€Å"will bless† (I.47) her for doing so. Hale reveals hisShow MoreRelatedTh e Crucible By Arthur Miller1269 Words   |  6 PagesAt first glance, the playwright Arthur Miller in The Crucible highlights the historical significance of the Salem Witch Trials of 1692, but in fact it is an allegorical expression of his perception of McCarthyism. If the reader has some background information on Arthur Miller’s victimization as a communist, it is evident that the play is a didactic vessel illustrating the flaws of the court system in the 1950’s. The communist allegations were launched at government employees, entertainers and writersRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1681 Words   |  7 Pagesof their way to the last dying breath to make sure they leave with a good or bad reputation. In one of the recent literature study in class â€Å"The Crucible† by Arthur Miller, Miller uses characterization to illustrate reputation throughout the play. â€Å"The Crucible† takes place in Salem, Massachusetts. It is based upon the Salem witch t rails. In â€Å"The Crucible†, we journey through the life of three characters who reputations plays a major role in the play. The three characters are John Proctor, AbigailRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1333 Words   |  6 PagesAs the various characters in The Crucible by Arthur Miller interact, the dominant theme of the consequences of women’s nonconformity begins to slide out from behind the curtains of the play. Such a theme reveals the gripping fear that inundated the Puritans during the seventeenth century. This fear led to the famous witch-hunts that primarily terrorized women who deviated from the Puritan vision of absolute obedience and orthodoxy. Arthur Miller presents his interpretation of the suffering by subtlyRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller998 Words   |  4 Pagesmotivated by jealousy and spite. The Crucible is a four-act dramatic play production that was first performed on January 22, 1953. Arthur Miller used dialogue within the characters to cover the multiple themes; conflicts and resolutions, plus the few directions for the different actions of the play. 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But the third definition, and the one that I think fits the best for this book, is a place or situation in which different elements interact to create something new. In my mind, this fits because all of the characters had their little grudges and dirty secrets. But when all th ose seemingly little things interact, they formed somethingRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1285 Words   |  6 Pages Rationale, Morality, Stereotypes, Pressure, Self-Censorship, Unanimity, and Mindguards. Groupthink has also taken place in our history a a country. The play, The Crucible by Arthur Miller is about a the real-life Salem Witch Trials that happened in 1692 - 1693, in Salem, Massachusetts. Some symptoms of Groupthink found in the Crucible are Rationale, Pressure, and Self-Censorship. The Groupthink symptom, Rationale, is described as when victims of Groupthink ignore warnings: they also collectivelyRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller811 Words   |  4 Pages While The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, is only a four act play, it still resembles the format of a five act play. The five-act structure evolved from a three-act structure, which was made famous by Roman Aelius Donatus. Donatus came up with three types of plays: Protasis, Epitasis, and Catastrophe. The five-act structure helped to expand the three act structure, mainly made famous by Shakespeare through his many tragedies. Even though The Crucible contains only four acts, it still has the commonRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1052 Words   |  5 PagesBuddy Al-Aydi Ms.Healy English 9 CP 14th October 2014 The Crucible Essay The Crucible was a novel written by Arthur Miller in the 1950’s. It was written in a format of the play, portraying an allegory of the Salem Witch-Hunts led by Senator Joseph McCarthy. The book is known to have a inexplicable plot. This plot is advanced by multiple characters in the book in order to ensure that the reader maintains interest with the material that is being read. The farmer, John Proctor, would be theRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller841 Words   |  4 PagesThe Crucible is a chaotic play, throughout this American classic Arthur Miller takes the reader through multiple events of terror and insanity. While creating a great on-stage play, Arthur Miller portrays his life through the events, the characters, and plot of The Crucible. Using vivid imagery and comprehensible symbolism, Miller manipulates the real personalities of the characters and events in 1600 Salem, Massachusetts to create a symbolic autobiography. Throughout this play, the reader experie nces

George Orwells 1984 and Today Essay examples - 1449 Words

George Orwells 1984 and Today TV rots the senses in the head! It kills the imagination dead! It clogs and clutters up the mind! It makes a child so dull and blind. He can no longer understand a fantasy, A fairyland! His brain becomes as soft as cheese! His powers of thinking rust and freeze! An excerpt from Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, By Roald Dahl, 1964 When George Orwell’s epic novel 1984 was published in 1949 it opened the public’s imagination to a future world where privacy and freedom had no meaning. The year 1984 has come and gone and we generally believe ourselves to still live in â€Å"The Land of the Free;† however, as we now move into the 21st Century changes brought about by recent advances in†¦show more content†¦Numerous studies have concluded that the content and amount of television programming watched by individuals – especially by children - has a direct result on the behavior of that individual. The behavior affected by television viewing can be anything from a desire for a certain food or material good to violent distemper (Zuckerman 1985.) Recently, more and more woman have given up their traditional role of raising their children opting instead to work during the day and leave their children to take care of themselves. Unfortunately, many children find that spending count less hours in front of the television to be a worthwhile way to entertain themselves. Most parents tell their children never to talk to strangers, but what they fail to realize is that every day their children are subject to the messages and ideas of strangers on the television. In fact, a study concluded that an average American by the age of 18 has spent more time watching television than they have spent in school; this study also went on the state that children spend more time watching television than any other activity besides sleeping. 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Willa Cather s My Antonia And O Pioneers ! - 1919 Words

Success in Female Pioneers â€Å"But Nebraska was not always a bed of roses. When the first settlers arrived, they found a harsh, unforgiving place, a vast treeless expanse of barren, drought-parched soil. And so, summoning up the dynamic pioneer spirit of hope and steely determination, they left. But a few of them remained.†(Barry) The pioneers were expecting the land to work with them, but it was actually working against them. Winters were hard, and many pioneers gave up and left. The few who remained were proven to be strong and determined to force the land to cooperate. In Willa Cather’s My à ntonia and O Pioneers!, her purpose was to show readers that women could be strong pioneers, overcoming the adversity caused by the land, as seen†¦show more content†¦31). After all their neighbors leave, Lou and Oscar want to give up because the land is working against them. The simile compares Alexandra’s brothers to their neighbors to show how they are simi lar to most people but different from Alexandra. â€Å"Alexandra’s relationship with her brothers Lou and Oscar in particular demonstrate Cather’s revision of the female role within the family† (Alumbaugh 37). Alexandra is in charge of their household and farm per her father’s request, but typically the sons would be in charge. à ntonia is compared to a man to emphasize how important she was to her family. Antonia’s family needed more money, so Alexandra worked in the fields with the men. â€Å"All throughout the wheat season, she told us, Ambrosch hired his sister out like a man, and she went from farm to farm, binding sheaves or working with the thrashers† (My à ntonia 85). This simile compares Antonia to a man because she acts like one and her brother treats her like one. The men had to defeat the resistance caused by the land, and à ntonia helps them, enjoying the hard farm work. â€Å"These are characters who chafe under the restrictions of traditional female roles, preferring a greater degree of independence and self-determination. à ntonia, for example, discovers when she works her own family’s farm and when she is hired out as a farm hand for others, that she very much enjoys the freedom playing a male role allows her†Show MoreRelatedWilla Cather s My Antonia And O Pioneers !1464 Words   |  6 Pagessummoning up the dynamic pioneer spirit of hope and steely determination, they left. But a few of them remained.†(Barry) The pioneers were expecting the land to work with them, but it was actually working against them. Winters were hard, and many pioneers gave up and left. The few who remained were proven to be strong and determined to force the land to cooperate. In Willa Cather’s My à ntonia and O Pioneers!, her purpose was to show readers that women could be strong pioneers, overcoming the adversityRead MoreBrief Survey of American Literature3339 Words   |  14 Pagesfamous for his book The Sketch Book (1819-1820) including - â€Å"Rip Van Winkle† - â€Å"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow† James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851) The Leather-stocking seriesçš ®Ã¨ ¢Å"Ã¥ ­ /çš ®Ã¨ £ ¹Ã¨â€¦ ¿Ã§ ³ »Ã¥Ë†â€"Ã¥ ° Ã¨ ¯ ´ (Natty Bumppo wearing long deerskin leggings) - The Pioneers (1823) 《å ¼â‚¬Ã¦â€¹â€œÃ¨â‚¬â€¦Ã£â‚¬â€¹ - The Last of the Mohicans (1826)《æÅ"ی Å½Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¨Å½ «Ã¥ ¸Å'Ã¥ ¹ ²Ã¤ º ºÃ£â‚¬â€¹ - The Prairie (1827)《å ¤ §Ã¨ â€°Ã¥Å½Å¸Ã£â‚¬â€¹ - The Pathfinder, (1840)《æŽ ¢Ã¨ · ¯Ã¤ º ºÃ£â‚¬â€¹ - The Deerslayer (1841)《çÅ'Žé ¹ ¿Ã¤ º ºÃ£â‚¬â€¹ William Cullen Bryant (1794-1878) The first important American romantic poet of international

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The managerial function of staffing involves manning the organization structure through proper and effective selection, appraisal and development of the personnel’s to fill the roles assigned to the employers/workforce. Definition Staffing: The selection and training of individuals for specific job functions, and charging them with the associated responsibilities. Staffing is the process by which an organisation creates a pool of applicants and makes a choice from that pool to provide the right person at the right place at the right time to increase the organisational effectiveness. Also,Staffing is the process of acquiring, deploying, and retaining a workforce of sufficient quantity and quality to create positive impacts on the organizations effectiveness According to Theo Haimann, â€Å"Staffing pertains to recruitment, selection, development and compensation of subordinates. † Objectives of Staffing: Staffing aims to match employee skills with necessary tasks in the most cost-effective ways. Effective staffing involves understanding company needs, such as when its most important to save money and when its most important to do the best job possible. It also involves understanding the skills and needs of staff members, as well as their passions and idiosyncrasies in order to find the best possible fit. †¢SCHEDULING Staffing involves scheduling employees to cover shifts in order to perform the tasks necessary to effectively run a company. Some businesses, such as retail stores, must cover a set number of hours, or the times when customers expect their doors to be open. Other companies, such as manufacturers, earn income by completing a specified volume of work regardless of how long it takes. If your business must staff a specific number of hours, it makes sense to schedule your best employees during the busiest times and the lowest achievers during the slowest times. If your company profits by completing a set amount of work, staffing is a matter of scheduling the most efficient workers to complete a project as quickly and thoroughly as possible. †¢FLEXBILITY Every business encounters unforeseen circumstances. Staffing should take into account the fact that sometimes a rigid schedule will fail to adequately address the surprises and opportunities that are an inevitable part of company operations. Successful staffing should have built-in flexibility to allow for extra work when necessary and to cut back on shifts when demand unexpectedly drops. †¢BUILDING SKILLS Staffing also should build the skills of employees. When workers perform the same tasks repeatedly, their morale declines because they do not feel challenged. Scheduling employees for responsibilities outside of their comfort zone enables them to grow, learn and maintain interest in their jobs. It also benefits management by enabling a company to be able to draw on more employees qualified to perform a broader range of tasks. CUTTING COSTS Successful staffing produces the best possible results at the lowest possible cost. This does not mean a manager should keep wages as low as possible or schedule workers for fewer hours because these cost-cutting measures can be quite expensive when shoddy work results. Rather, successful staffing should be thorough without being wasteful and frugal without cutting corners. The process of staffing: 1. Manpower requirements- The very first step in staffing is to plan the manpower inventory required by a concern in order to match them with the job requirements and demands. Therefore, it involves forecasting and determining the future manpower needs of the concern. 2. Recruitment- Once the requirements are notified, the concern invites and solicits applications according to the invitations made to the desirable candidates. 3. Selection- This is the screening step of staffing in which the solicited applications are screened out and suitable candidates are appointed as per the requirements. 4. Orientation and Placement- Once screening takes place, the appointed candidates are made familiar to the work units and work environment through the orientation programmed. Placement takes place by putting right man on the right job. 5. Training and Development- Training is a part of incentives given to the workers in order to develop and grow them within the concern. Training is generally given according to the nature of activities and scope of expansion in it. Along with it, the workers are developed by providing them extra benefits of indepth knowledge of their functional areas. Development also includes giving them key and important jobsas a test or examination in order to analyse their performances. 6. Remuneration- It is a kind of compensation provided monetarily to the employees for their work performances. This is given according to the nature of job- skilled or unskilled, physical or mental, etc. Remuneration forms an important monetary incentive for the employees. 7. Performance Evaluation- In order to keep a track or record of the behaviour, attitudes as well as opinions of the workers towards their jobs. For this regular assessment is done to evaluate and supervise different work units in a concern. It is basically concerning to know the development cycle and growth patterns of the employeesin a concern. . Promotion and transfer- Promotion is said to be a non- monetary incentive in which the worker is shifted from a higher job demanding bigger responsibilities as well as shifting the workers and transferring them to different work units and branches of the same organization. Recruitment is of 2 types: 1. Internal Recruitment 2. External Recruitment Internal Recruitment: Inte rnal Recruitment is a recruitment which takes place within the concern or organization. Internal sources of recruitment are readily available to an organization. Internal sources are primarily three Transfers, promotions and Re-employment of ex-employees. Re-employment of ex-employees is one of the internal sources of recruitment in which employees can be invited and appointed to fill vacancies in the concern. There are situations when ex-employees provide unsolicited applications also. Internal recruitment may lead to increase in employee’s productivity as their motivation level increases. It also saves time, money and efforts. But a drawback of internal recruitment is that it refrains the organization from new blood. Also, not all the manpower requirements can be met through internal recruitment. Hiring from outside has to be done. Internal sources are primarily 3 a. Transfers b. Promotions (through Internal Job Postings) and c. Re-employment of ex-employees Re-employment of ex-employees is one of the internal sources of recruitment in which employees can be invited and appointed to fill vacancies in the concern. There are situations when ex-employees provide unsolicited applications also. External Recruitment: External Recruitment External sources of recruitment have to be solicited from outside the organization. External sources are external to a concern. But it involves lot of time and money. The external sources of recruitment include Employment at factory gate, advertisements, employment exchanges, employment agencies, educational institutes, labour contractors, recommendations etc. oEmployment at Factory Level This a source of external recruitment in which the applications for vacancies are presented on bulletin boards outside the Factory or at the Gate. This kind of recruitment is applicable generally where factory workers are to be appointed. There are people who keep on soliciting jobs from one place to another. These applicants are called as unsolicited applicants. These types of workers apply on their own for their job. For this kind of recruitment workers have a tendency to shift from one factory to another and therefore they are called as â€Å"badli† workers. oAdvertisement It is an external source which has got an important place in recruitment procedure. The biggest advantage of advertisement is that it covers a wide area of market and scattered applicants can get information from advertisements. Medium used is Newspapers and Television. oEmployment Exchanges There are certain Employment exchanges which are run by government. Most of the government undertakings and concerns employ people through such exchanges. Now-a-days recruitment in government agencies has become compulsory through employment exchange. oEmployment Agencies There are certain professional organizations which look towards recruitment and employment of people, i. e. these private agencies run by private individuals supply required manpower to needy concerns. Educational Institutions There are certain professional Institutions which serves as an external source for recruiting fresh graduates from these institutes. This kind of recruitment done through such educational institutions, is called as Campus Recruitment. They have special recruitment cells which helps in providing jobs to fresh candidates. oRecommendations There are certain people who have experience in a particular area. They enjoy goodwill and a stand in the company. There are certain vacancies which are filled by recommendations of such people. The biggest drawback of this source is that the company has to rely totally on such people which can later on prove to be inefficient. oLabour Contractors These are the specialist people who supply manpower to the Factory or Manufacturing plants. Through these contractors, workers are appointed on contract basis, i. e. for a particular time period. Under conditions when these contractors leave the organization, such people who are appointed have to also leave the conce Developing Staffing Strategies: Most organizations understand the benefits that a longer term approach to staff planning can bring. Many actually attempt to develop staffing strategies (or strategic workforce plans, as they are also known). Unfortunately, these organizations often find that the â€Å"traditional† approaches to workforce planning that they try to use are ineffective, and expected benefits are not realized. The answer to this problem lies not in trying to implement the traditional approach more effectively, but in implementing a completely different kind of process for strategic staffing. This paper describes (and provides examples of) some of those â€Å"less traditional,† but more effective approaches. The â€Å"Strategic Staffing† Process First, clarify our terms. I define â€Å"strategic staffing† as the process of identifying and addressing the staffing implications of business plans and strategies, or better still, as the process of identify-ing and addressing the staffing implications of change. The impact on staffing should be defined (or at least discussed) whenever changes to business plans are being considered (whether near-term or longer-term). Others call the process â€Å"strategic workforce planning,† but to me, â€Å"strategic staffing† emphasizes the longer term, business orientation of the process. By any name, this effort typically includes: †¢Defining the number (staffing levels) and types (capabilities) of employees who will be needed at a particular point in the future to implement plans effectively (often including how that staff should be organized and deployed); †¢ Identifying the staffing resources that are currently available; †¢Projecting the â€Å"supply† of talent that will be available at that point in the future for which requirements have been defined (e. g. , factoring in the effects of turnover, retirements, planned movement, etc. ; †¢ Identifying differences between anticipated demand and forecasted supply; †¢Developing and implementing staffing plans/actions needed to close talent gaps and eliminate surpluses. These basic elements are, of course, quite typical of any strategic staffing or workforce planning process, and might be described in any text or suggested by any consultant. Successful implementation of a strategic staff ing process lies not in how these basic steps are defined. The â€Å"devil is in the details† — or perhaps more appropriately in this case — the devil is in the implementation. It is not the steps themselves that are important, it is how they are developed and implemented that counts. Traditional Approaches Just Don’t Work Most organizations that attempt to implement a strategic staffing process follow a fairly traditional approach. Usually, these organizations include staff planning as a component of their annual business planning process. Often, these organizations request that managers define future staffing needs for each year of the planning period (usually in terms of headcount, not required capabilities) using a common template or â€Å"form. The templates are at a common level of detail and are based on common planning parameters (e. g. , all units define requirements at a job-specific level for each of the coming three years). Once completed, these templates are often combined or compiled at various levels to create overall pictures of needs (e. g. , unit plans are â€Å"rolled up† to a divisional level, divisional plans are compiled to create a â€Å"firm-wide† view). Organizations then attempt to create meaningful staffing plans to address these needs. Some organizations supplement these staffing plans with a series of reports and listings (e. g. a list of openings and how they were filled, a summary of turnover rates over time for various types of employees). Unfortunately, rarely do these efforts result in specific staffing and development plans that are actually implemented. Managers tend to see limited value in the process and complain loudly about the work involved. Most managers are being measured and rewarded for achieving short-term objectives that may be inconsistent with the longer-term view that strategic staffing entails. Forecasts of needs are often â€Å"hockey stick† projections that are not realistic or grounded in business plans. Some managers in more volatile areas, where business is changing rapidly, question the validity and value of processes that ask them to provide estimates of staffing needs for points in time that are well beyond their ability (or need) to plan. Staff planning is often incomplete — required staffing levels may be forecast, but required capabilities are not. The staffing plans that result from traditional processes such as these often provide little valuable information and are rarely used to drive staffing decisions. Estimates of need are imprecise and inaccurate. In many cases, the output from the process is too high-level and generic to drive recruiting plans, especially once they have been rolled up to create that firm-wide view. Since required capabilities are not usually defined specifically, it is difficult (if not impossible) to create action-oriented development plans for individuals that address anticipated capability shortages. Some organizations do not even create staffing plans, opting instead to focus their workforce planning efforts almost solely on reporting and compiling staffing information from the past (e. . , detailed turnover studies and descriptions of recent staffing actions), rather than planning to meet future needs. In the end, there has been much work completed, but few results seen. The strategic staffing process then becomes solely staff driven, or worse yet, disappears completely. More Effective Approaches to Strategic Staffing Often, implementing different, more pragmatic approaches to strategic staffing can yiel d the high-quality results that organizations need and expect. Start by defining an entirely different objective for the process itself. The objective is to build a context for decision making, not to predict the future. Don’t try to predict future staffing needs with certainty or define actions to be taken now to eliminate problems that may or may not occur in the future. At best, that is difficult to do well (and accurately) and may be viewed by managers as something that is â€Å"nice to have† but not absolutely necessary. Instead, consider a staffing strategy as a longer-term context within which more effective near term staffing decisions can be made. Not only is this a more realistic objective for the process, but its shorter-term focus might just capture the attention of those line managers who are being measured by, and rewarded for, achieving near-t e r m objectives. Because it helps define appropriate short-term actions, it is more likely that the same line manager making the staffing decision will still be in place to reap the benefits of that decision later on. Here is a simple example of how this objective works in practice. Suppose an organization has documented that it will need 25 additional project managers by the end of its fiscal year. How would a need like this be met? Positions could be filled through hiring, redeployment, promotion, work reassignment, use of contract/contingency staff, or many other sources. Which option is most effective? To select the right option, that organization must have a sense of its future needs. If those project managers are needed in the future (i. e. , beyond this fiscal year), a more permanent solution is most effective (e. g. , hiring or promotion). If, on the other hand, the need is a â€Å"blip† in the curve or the result of some project scheduling irregularities, a more temporary solution is better. For example, the company might hire contractors or delay new projects until the first quarter of the next year, so that existing project managers can be redeployed to those jobs, and an unneeded surplus of talent is not created in the future. In any of these instances, the â€Å"best† near-term solution can only be determined after the longer-term context has been defined. When searching for ways to improve (or initiate) the strategic staffing process, onsider the following options to traditional approaches.? Address staffing from a proactive, planning perspective, not just an mplementation concern. It is no longer appropriate to consider staffing olely from an implementation perspective. Even though it may have been cceptable practice in the past, it is no longer realistic for business to 4 ssume that the staff needed to implement its plans is readily available nd quickly recruited, developed and deployed. In fact, staffing constraints e. g. , an inability to recruit a sufficient number of individuals with critical kills) may impact the company’s ability to implement its plans. These onstraints should be identified and addressed as part of the planning rocess, not left as surprises to be uncovered when implementation egins. From a more positive perspective, a company may choose to ove in a different direction (or try to capitalize on a market opportunity) pecifically because of the staffing levels and capabilities it has at its isposal. ere is an example. In order to take advantage of population growth and hift, an HMO planned to expand into a new geographic region of the state served. The marketing and medical economics functions determined that our new medical centers needed to be built, if the member needs and otential of this new market were to be met effectively and efficiently. The ecision was made to construct the new enters simultaneously in order to nter this market quickly. Unfortunately, the HMO lacked a sufficient umber of physicians and medical technicians to staff four new centers all at once—at least without having a catastrophic impact on its existing acilities. As a result, newly constructed medical centers went unused some for many months), until sufficient staff could be secure d. Obviously, quite costly to maintain the unused facilities. A review of available sffing before the construction decision was made would have shown that a sequential (not simultaneous) opening of centers was more cost effective. Focus on issues, not organizations. Many organizations feel that, because staffing strategies are beneficial in some areas, they should be completed for the organization as a whole — that plans should be created for every unit, regardless of its situation. This type of process usually proves to be both ineffective and inefficient, because not every unit merits the detailed analysis that is typically needed to create and implement an effective staffing strategy. Instead of creating models or analyses for every unit, focus only on those areas where strategies are really needed. Create a series of staffing strategies that each address particular issues. For example, build a staffing strategy that focuses solely on positions that are critical to business success. Create a strategy for a series of positions that are hard to fill or for which external competition for talent is great. Focus a strategy on a unit that will experience significant change. Will the organization need to tap new, nontraditional sources for key talent? If so, create a strategy that is concentrated on those jobs. This approach will allow you to focus your planning resources where they will have the most advantageous effect. Here is an example of this focus. Two insurance companies were 5 merging. Obviously, mergers can create a host of staffing issues, some more critical than others. Instead of creating a generic strategy that applied to many units, the company chose to focus initially on claims. The claims functions of the two companies were managed and staffed quite differently. One company was organized by function (e. g. , disbursement), the other by impairment category (e. g. , long-term disability). In addition, one company had a 40-hour work week, and the second had a 37. 5-hour week. A longer-term, succinct, focused staffing plan was developed to integrate the two claims work forces and define the implications of changes in work week length. Other (separate) strategies were developed to address other implications of the merger. In some cases, staffing strategies that span organizational boundaries are still needed. Cross-unit staffing strategies should be developed whenever an organization intends to manage key talent across organization lines (e. g. , managing IT or entry-level engineering talent from a â€Å"corporate† perspective). An â€Å"issue orientation† can still be maintained in these cases. When creating such strategies, include in the analysis only those positions that are to be managed from a broader perspective. Here are two examples: o An HMO was implementing a new, nationwide data collection and analysis system that would support all of its regions (some of which had their own such systems). Still, it had to maintain its legacy systems while implementing the new system. This raised numerous staffing issues. New talent (with new IT skills) had to be sourced to support the development of the new system, moreover critical talent had to be retained to keep old systems functioning in the meantime. Yet the organization did not want to simply hire/contract the new talent, for then the skills of its existing talent would become obsolete. It only made sense to address these critical issues from a nationwide, cross-region perspective. The HMO developed a staffing strategy that focused on the critical IT skills needed to support the transition—but only on the positions that required these specific skills. Other plans (some strategic, some tactical) were developed for other positions. o To increase its staffing flexibility, the department of transportation of a tate government was considering combining several separate classes of workers (each of which was focused on a particular set of skills) into a single category of â€Å"transportation worker† that included individuals with multiple skills. A staffing strategy was developed to define the effects that this change would have on classification, scheduling/deployment, and training. The plan that was developed included transportation workers in all districts (since bargaining unit considerations meant that the change could 6 only be implemented on a statewide basis), but focused mainly on the positions that were affected. Finally, don’t attempt to solve a second issue or problem until you have created (or at least are well on your way to creating) staffing strategies that fully address the first! ?Tailor the process for each issue. Traditionally, each unit is asked to provide the same information regarding staffing, using a common template, at the same time each year, for the same planning period/time frame. While this approach may bring consistency to the approach, it also forces every unit to adopt a process and set of planning parameters that may not be appropriate. Rather than creating a one-size-fits-all process that applies everywhere, vary planning parameters (e. g. , the population to be included, the planning horizon, and the structure of the model itself), so that they are appropriate for each issue being addressed. Here is an example of tailoring. An engineering/construction firm created a â€Å"long-term† staffing plan for its IT unit that covered but a single year. Given the rapid pace of change of technology (and that so little was known about the future of that technology), it was difficult to define needs (whether in terms of capabilities or staffing levels) past that one-year point. Consequently, it made no sense to develop staffing plans for IT beyond that one-year planning horizon (even though the organization had a five-year business plan). That same organization also found it necessary to increase the depth and breadth of its management pool. Given the rate of change for the business as a whole (and the time needed to implement any significant changes in management talent), a three-tofive- year staffing and development plan was developed. A â€Å"common† process would probably force the IT function and management teams to use the same time frame, and this would most probably result in an ineffective plan. Would it be appropriate to ask IT to create staffing plans for years two and three, even though managers knew that this information would not be useful and would not be applied? Alternatively, would it have been better to ask each unit to plan management needs for just the one-year time frame, even though it would take several years to address the depth and breadth issues that were identified? Would it have been possible to compromise and have each group do a two-year plan (which is probably ineffective for both)? In this case (and many others like it), it only makes sense to vary the planning horizon. Obviously, this tailoring of parameters is only viable when separate staffing plans are defined by issue. The typical one-size-fits-all approach doesn’t allow such variation. 7 ?Focus on particular positions, not all positions. Some organizations attempt to develop staffing strategies that include all jobs. Not every job even needs to be addressed from a strategic perspective. For example, it is rarely necessary to develop a long-term staffing strategy for a job that can be filled relatively quickly from known internal sources or relatively abundant external pools. In addition, the development of effective staffing strategies requires much work and significant resources, so it is not usually realistic to include each and every position in the analysis. Including all jobs (even those for which a strategic perspective is not required) simply bogs down the process, rendering it even more inefficient. Instead, the process should focus on only two types of positions or situations. Consider building staffing strategies only for positions where: o The organization needs to be proactive. A longer-term perspective is usually required when an organization is trying to be proactive in meeting staffing needs (e. . , staffing and training a customer service unit, so that it is fully functional before a new product is launched). Which jobs will be staffed just before launch? Which will be filled a month or two before launch in order to build continuity and teamwork? Which senior management/leadership positions should be filled a year in advance to set direct ion and strategy? o The organization needs time to respond. Strategic perspective is needed when an organization determines that their staffing needs are best met in ways that require some advance preparation (e. g. cases where new sources of talent must be identified; as normal channels become less productive; or instances where talent needs will be met through longer-term development, not short-term hiring). If a future need is to be filled from within, what development needs must be addressed before such a move can be made? What plans for development should be created and implemented so that such moves will be realistic and successful? If you are to develop new relationships with alternative sources of talent (e. g. , new schools or search firms), it will take time to identify and develop possible artnerships with such sources. Long-term staffing strategies may not need to be created for any other type of position—and certainly need not be developed for all positions, rega rdless of need. Here are two examples, one proactive and one responsive: o Being proactive: After conducting a scan, an oil company discovered that it was particularly vulnerable, from a recruiting 8 and staffing perspective, in the area of geo-science. Competition for graduate geologists and geophysicists was intensifying, and the company was expecting that it would be unable to attract the number of recruits it thought it needed. Given the criticality of this need, the company wanted to be proactive. It decided to develop contacts and relationships with graduate students well before they entered the job market (e. g. , through presentations and internships), so that ties might be developed which would increase the possibility that they would work for the company upon graduation. The company created a model and staffing strategy that focused solely on these â€Å"hard to fill† categories. o Needing time to respond: In an insurance company, the traditional â€Å"career path† to branch manager passed through the underwriting function. Most branch managers began as trainees, became underwriters, were then designated â€Å"managers in training,† and were subsequently named branch managers, usually in smaller offices. This process might take eight to ten years. Openings for branch managers in larger offices usually were filled by promoting managers from smaller offices. Rapid business expansion meant that a large number of new branch offices would be opened. The traditional career path could simply not provide a sufficient number of qualified candidates. Because of the length of time required to move along that path, the company was forced to find alternate ources for branch manager candidates. The organization developed a staffing strategy that helped it to define the appropriate mix of targeted recruiting and accelerated development that was needed to meet its growing needs for management talent. Keep plans separate, not consolidated. In many cases, organizations prepare staffing plans at a unit level that are then â€Å"rolled up† into some kind of consolidated plan (or to display the results â€Å"on one sheet of paper†). The common templates that are often used to gather staffing data are designed to facilitate just this type of consolidation. This process of consolidation actually squeezes out the very detail that is most useful and some-times masks significant differences. If one unit has 20 software engineers too many and another unit has 20 too few, consolidation of staffing plans would show that there is no problem (i. e. , the surplus of 20 and the gap of 20 would cancel out, implying that no issues needed to be addressed). In fact (assuming 9 the units are not co-located), there may be 40 issues to address (i. e. , reducing 20 gaps and alleviating 20 surpluses). It is also difficult (and sometimes actually impossible) to develop specific, actionable staffing plans to address summarized needs. The plans might vary greatly depending on circumstances and situations. For example, a consolidated staffing plan might describe an overall need for 15 â€Å"technical specialists. † The staffing actions required to fill 15 openings in one unit/location would probably be completely different from those needed to fill a single opening in each of 15 different units/locations. The actions needed to fill 15 positions of the same type of specialist would be quite different from those needed to fill 15 different types. Similarly, it would be difficult (and perhaps even impossible) to define recruiting plans based on a strategy that consolidates various engineering specialties into a single category. It is unlikely that the differences needed to create realistic, focused staffing plans could be discerned or inferred from summarized or compiled data. When creating staffing strategies, keep the plans separate and distinct. This is especially true if you have developed plans to address separate issues, using different planning parameters. Create plans that are at the same level as your probable solution. Don’t roll up data as a matter of course. Create a corporate view only if the staffing issues that can be identified and addressed are at a corporate level. If, in certain cases, an integrated plan is required (e. g. , to manage IT across, and not within, organizational units), create a â€Å"stand-alone† model that spans those units but includes only those jobs. When it comes time to summarize (and develop that one sheet overview), create a page that high-lights the most critical staffing issues you have defined (see above) and summarizes the strategies you plan to implement to address those issues. If more detail is required, make specific plans available as an attachment. ?Define issues on an ongoing basis, don’t create an â€Å"event. † Strategic staffing should be thought of as defining and addressing the staffing implications of change. Thus, staffing implications need to be defined, whenever change is being discussed or anticipated. If your organization discusses and considers changes to its business plans and strategies just once each year, then an annual staffing process may be appropriate. If your organization discusses, considers, and implements changes throughout the year, however, an annual process is probably insufficient. A discussion of the staffing implications of changes in business plans should be conducted each and every time change is 10 discussed or anticipated — not at some set time each planning period. Assuming change is constant, this implies that strategic staffing is an ongoing process, implemented and updated throughout the year—not a once-a-year event. As an example, an engineering /construction company used to have an annual staff planning process, but now discusses staffing implications of change at every management committee meeting (i. e. , on a biweekly basis). Further, it developed a performance expectation for managers that any proposal for resources (e. g. , a new project or a change in technology used) had to include a analysis of staffing issues and a high-level staffing plan. ?Focus on planning and acting, not reporting. Many organizations spend too much time creating reports, tables and listings that describe in detail past turnover, current staffing levels, and other staffing related data. Others document staffing movement (e. g. , identifying openings and detailing how each was filled). In some cases, these reports represent the bulk of the HR planning effort. What good is this data if it does not significantly affect decision making? An old adage describes a significant difference between â€Å"data† and â€Å"information. † Data is just that — facts, figures, numbers, and the like. Data that is used to make a decision is information. If, for example, you reallocate staff because of something you discern from a data table, then that data has become information. When it comes to staffing, make sure that you provide managers with information, not data. If your reports provide managers with data that is simply â€Å"nice to know† or â€Å"interesting,† but doesn’t directly influence decision making, don’t provide them. Information on past practices and results is typically useful only when it is used as a basis for formulating assumptions about the future that can be incorporated into plans. For example, studies of past turnover should be conducted only when turnover assumptions are to be factored into future plans and models. Detailed information on employee movement might identify alternative career paths that can be exploited to fill staffing shortages that the model has identified, but should not be used to estimate the number of moves of various kinds that are expected in the future. Here are two examples: One high-tech company used to regularly publish a detailed listing that addressed staffing activity. The report (often more than 100 computer-generated pages in length) identified existing openings and detailed how long each position had been open, what had been 11 done in the last month to fill openings, and any data on how the position would be filled. The report did not include any  "look forward† and was not viewed by managers as an especially useful tool. Once the organization began to look at staffing from a more strategic perspective, the report was streamlined, so that it provided information on possible sources of needed talent. An automotive company was trying to establish a strategic workforce planning function. It elected to build its foundation on providing information — accurately answering the questions of managers regarding past staffing practices and patterns (e. g. , defining annual turnover rates for specific categories of jobs in response to specific management requests). As the function built credibility, the workforce planning unit was planning to â€Å"add value† by discussing with managers why they were requesting the data, suggesting alternative data, conducting analyses, and interpreting results. By asking these intelligent questions, the function hoped to build a reputation as a valued strategic partner, thus allowing it to participate actively in the business planning process. ?Solve problems, don’t just build capability. Managers want answers to their staffing problems, and solutions to their issues. Yet some HR functions focus their efforts on providing a process, system, or tool that managers can use to develop staffing strategies — not on meeting management’s need for action and answers. The best â€Å"deliverable† of the strategic staffing process isn’t a tool or model — it is a solution to a staffing problem (i. e. , a qualified individual filling an opening). Generally, the development of a â€Å"tool† or â€Å"model,† while necessary in many cases, is by itself insufficient. The tool must be applied effectively to identify and address critical staffing issues. Managers must be trained (perhaps by HR staff) to use the tools effectively and apply results analytically. Make sure your process results in specific, actionable staffing plans (i. e. what will be done to address staffing short-ages and surpluses), not just a better definition of the needs themselves. ?Do the most you can with the information you have. Many organizations think that they lack sufficient data to support the development of a staffing strategy. When trying to define staffing requirements, for example, some organizations seem to think that staffing strategies must be based on â€Å"perfect data† — a full set of accurate information that describes fairly precisely what each business unit will do or is trying to accomplish. It is as if the staffing function is saying to the units, â€Å"As soon as you figure out what we are going to do, we will be able to define staffing requirements. † Given the rate of change in most organizations, this well defined, complete data set will simply 12 never be available. Still, valuable staffing strategies can be developed, even when â€Å"full† data is not available. o Fully utilize the data that does exist. The objective in these cases is not to try and get that data, but instead to â€Å"do the most you can with what you have. † You almost always know more than you think you do. Suppose you are â€Å"sure† of 20 percent of what your organization is going to accomplish. This will allow you to create staffing strategies for that 20 percent. You can either create a strategy for the part you know, or do nothing until you know it all. The choice is clear. Don’t think in terms of the missing 80 percent — think instead that you will be better off addressing at least some of the problem than if you did nothing at all. Here is an example of what one medical center did to create a staffing strategy for patient care staff in the face of great uncertainty. The center could calculate a ratio of the number of nurses required per patient in a given unit. That was not the problem. The problem was that the center had very little idea of how many patients could be expected at any given time. While not random, the number of patients in each unit fluctuated greatly. Consequently, there was no clear number of patients to whom this staffing ratio could be applied. Even in the face of such uncertainty, the center created a very specific staffing strategy. It would use its own full-time staff to support the minimum number of patients (this number would, by definition, be the same every day); supplement this â€Å"base† with its own part-time staff, whenever the number of patients was more than the minimum and less than the median; and use contractors above the median. Staffing in the 21st Century: Modern organizations struggle with staffing challenges stemming from increased knowledge work, labor shortages, competition for applicants, and workforce diversity. Yet, despite such critical needs for effective staffing practice, staffing research continues to be neglected or misunderstood by many organizational decision makers. Solving these challenges requires staffing scholars to expand their focus from individual-level recruitment and selection research to multilevel research demonstrating the business unit/organizational-level impact of staffing. Toward this end, this review provides a selective and critical analysis of staffing best practices covering literature from roughly 2000 to the present. Several research-practice gaps are also identified.